Never have daily minimum temperatures in Italy been so high: +1.20°C was the anomaly recorded in 2023, the highest in the historical series. While the values of the lowest ones go up, last year turned out to be the second, with an anomaly of +1.14°C, for average temperatures compared to the climatological value of the period 1991-2020, after the record of +1.23°C in 2022. 2023 is the tenth consecutive year with a positive anomaly compared to the average. This is said by the data of the report of the National System for Environmental Protection of Ispra "Climate in Italy in 2023", which allows us to characterize the country's climate and its evolution, from the national to the local scale. October was the relatively warmest month: with +3.27°C above the climatological value, it marked the highest point in its monthly series since 1961. Marked anomalies above +2°C were also recorded in July and September. In the summer, Italy was hit by intense heat waves, with temperatures of 48.2°C recorded on July 24 in Jerzu and Lotzorai in southeastern Sardinia, an absolute maximum ever recorded in Sardinia, 0.6°C lower than the European record of 48.8°C recorded in Syracuse on August 11, 2021. Similar to air temperature, the surface temperature of the Italian seas in 2023 ranks second in the historical series, with an anomaly of +0.9°C compared to the 1991-2020 climatological average.
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