The Timss 2023 survey, which is conducted every four years and includes over 60 nations, reveals that in Italy, one of the most significant gaps in mathematics and science outcomes between boys and females remains. In fourth grade, the boys have a 22-point advantage, but by eighth grade, it decreases to 16 points. Globally, boys achieve higher average scores in 40 countries, while in South Africa, girls outperform boys by 29 points. In 17 countries, no significant gender differences emerge. Among Italian students, results in math and science are slightly below the EU average but above the international average. However, a territorial divide is evident: students in the north-west achieve scores of over 650, whereas students in the south and islands achieve scores of around 350, with an average difference of 50 points between the two.