A new study by the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) collaboration, which includes the participation of Sapienza University of Rome, has produced unprecedented images of the primordial universe, revealing the formation of the first hydrogen and helium clouds—precursors of stars and galaxies. Located in Chile’s Atacama Desert, the telescope has provided high-resolution images of the cosmic microwave background (CMB), showcasing details of light emitted approximately 380,000 years after the Big Bang. These images not only reveal the position but also the movement of matter in the early universe, offering an unprecedented view of light polarization. The data allow scientists to observe the birth of the first cosmic structures and the gravitational forces that shaped galaxies. The images obtained are more precise than those from the Planck telescope, revealing minimal variations in the density of primordial gases. The study also aims to resolve the discrepancy regarding the Hubble constant, with new ACT data confirming a lower expansion rate of the universe. The ACT project operated from 2007 to 2022 and has now transitioned to the Simons Observatory for future observations. This research has been supported by numerous scientific institutions and international universities, including funding from the European Research Council (ERC).